A purely peer-to-peer version of electronic cash would allow online payments to be sent directly from one party to another without going through a financial institution.

An experimental new Internet-based form of money is created that anyone can generate at home. People build frightening firetrap computers…

Bitcoin Scripts

Each transaction output doesn’t just specify a public key. It actually specifies a script. What is a script, and why…

Bitcoin transactions

Let’s start with transactions, Bitcoin’s fundamental building block. We’re going to use a simplified model of a ledger for the…

Crypto Currency : Cost of mining

Cost of mining. Let’s now look at mining economics. We mentioned it’s quite expensive to operate as a miner. At…

Bitcoin : Incentives and proof of work

Let’s pause for a moment. Everything that we’ve described so far is just an abstract algorithm for achieving distributed consensus…

Consensus without identity using a block chain

Bitcoin’s consensus algorithm. Recall that Bitcoin nodes do not have persistent, long‐term identities. This is another difference from traditional distributed…

Bitcoin : Distributed consensus

In a generic manner, centralization and decentralization. Let’s now examine decentralization in Bitcoin at a more technical level. A key…

Bitcoin : Centralization vs. Decentralization

Decentralization is an important concept that is not unique to Bitcoin. The notion of competing paradigms of centralization versus decentralization…

A Simple Cryptocurrency

Now let’s move from cryptography to cryptocurrencies. Eating our cryptographic vegetables will start to pay off here, and we’ll gradually…

Public Keys as Identities

Let’s look at a nice trick that goes along with digital signatures. The idea is to take a public key,…